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An efficient and precise solution-vacuum hybrid batch fabrication of 2D/3D perovskite submodules
Yingping Fan1,2, Zhixiao Qin3, Lei Lu1
1School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Green Papermaking and Resource Recycling, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Nature Communications
|July 31, 2025
Summary
This study introduces a hybrid fabrication method for perovskite films, combining solution and vacuum deposition. This technique creates large, pinhole-free perovskite submodules with high power conversion efficiency (PCE).
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Chemical Engineering
- Renewable Energy
Background:
- Solution deposition for perovskite films can leave pinholes, requiring extra steps.
- Vacuum deposition offers control but is slow for large-scale production.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a scalable fabrication technique for high-efficiency perovskite solar modules.
- To address limitations of existing solution and vacuum deposition methods.
Main Methods:
- A hybrid solution-vacuum batch fabrication process was developed.
- A nanoscale 2D perovskite capping layer was deposited via vacuum evaporation onto a solution-processed 3D bulk film.
- The 2D capping layer composition and stoichiometry were precisely controlled.
Main Results:
- Fabrication of large-scale (30 cm × 30 cm), pinhole-free perovskite submodules.
- Achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.10% (certified 21.79%).
- Demonstrated defect passivation and pinhole healing by the 2D capping layer.
Conclusions:
- The hybrid deposition method enables efficient and reproducible large-scale production of perovskite modules.
- This approach overcomes challenges associated with traditional perovskite film fabrication.
- The developed technique offers a novel pathway for advancing perovskite solar cell technology.
