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Related Concept Videos

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution01:10

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Shear-driven segregation kinetics in binary polymer blends: Insights from dissipative-particle-dynamics simulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Understanding polymer blend phase separation is crucial for materials design.
  • Shear forces significantly influence polymer morphology and kinetics.
  • Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is a powerful tool for simulating complex fluid systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase separation kinetics of binary (AB) polymer blends under various shear conditions.
  • To analyze the morphological evolution, scaling behavior, and structural anisotropy of polymer blends subjected to shear.
  • To explore the impact of shear rate on domain growth and structure in critical and off-critical polymer compositions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations.
  • Confining the binary polymer blend system between two parallel walls.
  • Applying different shear conditions, including stationary and moving walls, to critical and off-critical compositions.

Main Results:

  • Observed shear-induced alignment and thinning of polymer domains.
  • Characterized power-law growth of characteristic length scales R(t)∼t^{ϕ}.
  • Identified a transition in growth exponent from viscous (ϕ∼1) to inertial (ϕ∼2/3) regimes, with a slight reduction in the latter at higher shear rates for off-critical mixtures.
  • Revealed formation of anisotropic structures like deformed cylinders and distorted lamellae at higher shear rates.

Conclusions:

  • Shear flow effectively manipulates polymer blend morphology, inducing alignment and thinning.
  • The observed growth kinetics transition from viscous to inertial hydrodynamic regimes.
  • Anisotropic structures form under higher shear rates, offering potential for tailored material properties.
  • Findings provide insights for industrial applications in polymer processing and materials design.