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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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The Born-Haber Cycle02:44

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Lattice Energy 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Unlocking Fast Lithium Ion Migration in Zirconium-Based Fluoride Solid Electrolytes.

Chao Li1, Wenshuo Zhang1, Xiaomeng Shi1

  • 1Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|August 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quasicrystalline fluoride solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) show significantly enhanced ionic conductivity compared to crystalline forms. This improvement in fluoride SSEs is due to optimized defects, enabling better all-solid-state lithium batteries.

Keywords:
Li‐richeningdefectmetal fluoridesrare‐earthsolid state electrolytes

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Fluoride solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) offer high oxidation limits and lithium metal compatibility, crucial for advanced batteries.
  • The structure-property relationship governing ionic conductivity in fluoride SSEs, particularly Li2ZrF6 (LZF), is not well understood.
  • Crystalline LZF shows poor ionic conductivity, limiting its application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structure-property relationship in fluoride SSEs.
  • To enhance the ionic conductivity of Li2ZrF6 (LZF) through synthesis strategies.
  • To understand the mechanisms behind improved ion transport in modified fluoride SSEs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of quasicrystalline LZF via lithium-rich strategies.
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity and activation energy.
  • Analysis of structural defects (0D, 1D, 2D) and their influence on ion transport.
  • Application of theoretical models including carrier-vacancy, unit cell distortion, and defect theories.
  • Fabrication and testing of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) using the fluoride SSE as a cathode additive.

Main Results:

  • Quasicrystalline LZF exhibits an order of magnitude higher ionic conductivity than crystalline LZF.
  • Enhanced conductivity is linked to modulated defects, optimizing carrier-vacancy equilibrium and structural rearrangement.
  • The sample with x = 0.5 demonstrated the highest ionic conductivity and lowest activation energy.
  • Theoretical models successfully explained the observed trends in ion transport.
  • ASSLBs with the fluoride SSE additive achieved 66.83% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating structural defects in fluoride SSEs is key to enhancing ionic conductivity.
  • Quasicrystalline structures and defect engineering offer a promising route for developing high-performance fluoride SSEs.
  • The studied zirconium-based fluoride SSE shows excellent stability and compatibility for practical ASSLB applications.