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Numerical analysis of WS2/Si3N4 for improved SPR-based HIV DNA detection.

Talia Tene1, Yesenia Cevallos2,3, Jessica Alexandra Marcatoma Tixi4

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|August 1, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed a novel surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) sensor using a silver-WSe2 multilayer for highly sensitive, label-free detection of HIV DNA. This advancement enables rapid, point-of-care diagnostics, even in resource-limited settings.

Keywords:
HIV DNA hybridizationkretschmann configurationsilicon nitridesurface plasmon resonancetransfer matrix methodtungsten disulfide

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) sensors offer label-free nucleic acid diagnostics but struggle with detecting minute refractive index changes from short DNA hybridization.
  • Detecting short DNA sequences, such as those from HIV, requires highly sensitive biosensing platforms capable of resolving sub-nanometer refractive index variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate a novel multilayer architecture for enhanced SPR sensing of nucleic acids.
  • To achieve high sensitivity and a low limit of detection for HIV DNA hybridization using SPR.
  • To develop a scalable and integrable SPR sensing platform for point-of-care applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a transfer-matrix framework to design a multilayer SPR sensor architecture comprising a silver mirror, silicon nitride spacer, and WS2 monolayer.
  • Employed numerical screening with published optical constants to predict sensor performance metrics like angular sensitivity and limit of detection.
  • Conducted proof-of-concept experiments for sub-picomolar quantification of HIV DNA in phosphate-buffered saline without amplification.

Main Results:

  • The designed Sys3 architecture achieved an angular sensitivity of 167° RIU⁻¹, a limit of detection of 2.99 × 10⁻⁵ RIU, and a quality factor of 56.9 RIU⁻¹.
  • This performance surpasses gold-based SPR sensors and approaches that of more reactive materials like ZnSe.
  • Demonstrated successful sub-picomolar quantification of HIV DNA, confirming the sensor's efficacy in a relevant biological buffer.

Conclusions:

  • The developed silver-WS2 multilayer SPR sensor offers a scalable and highly sensitive platform for nucleic acid detection.
  • The sensor's compatibility with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor processes facilitates integration into point-of-care devices for HIV viral load monitoring.
  • This technology holds promise for improving diagnostics in resource-limited settings.