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Design, Synthesis, and Photochemical Properties of Clickable Caged Compounds

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Precision Control of Light-Responsive Nucleic Acids Modified with Photoremovable Protecting Groups for

Zhongqi Zhou¹, Hau Yi Chan¹, Pik Kwan Lo^1,2

¹Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, China.

|August 1, 2025

Summary

o-nitrobenzyl (ONB) photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) enable light-controlled nucleic acid functions for biomedical applications. ONB-modified nucleic acids are key for gene editing and DNA nanotechnology, with ongoing innovation in their design and application.

Keywords:

drug delivery gene editing nucleic acids ortho-nitrobenzyl photocleavage

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Organic Chemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

o-nitrobenzyl (ONB) groups are versatile photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) used in oligonucleotide modification.
These ONB-modified nucleic acids have significant applications in biomedicine.
Controlling nucleic acid functions with light is crucial for advanced biomedical tools.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the progress and study of ONB-derived PPGs for light-controlled nucleic acid functions.
To explore chemical approaches for incorporating ONB-based PPGs in nucleic acids and their impact on hybridization.
To discuss strategies for enhancing ONB PPGs and their biological applications in gene editing and DNA nanotechnology.

Main Methods:

Exploration of various chemical approaches for ONB-PPG incorporation into nucleic acids (nucleobases, backbones, riboses, phosphates).
Evaluation of the benefits and limitations of ONB modifications on nucleic acid properties.
Discussion of advanced strategies: molecular engineering of ONB derivatives, integration with two-photon antennas, and coupling with upconversion nanomaterials.

Main Results:

ONB-based PPGs offer straightforward synthesis and broad functional group compatibility.
Incorporation sites and methods significantly impact nucleic acid hybridization.
Advanced strategies can extend cleavage wavelengths and improve light responsiveness.

Conclusions:

ONB-derived PPGs are powerful tools for light-triggered control of nucleic acid functions.
These light-responsive nucleic acids are vital for applications like gene editing and 3D DNA nanomaterial construction.
Continued innovation in ONB chemistry and nucleic acid modification is essential for advancing DNA nanotechnology in biomedicine.