A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Toothache Prevalence and Its Contributing Factors in Dental Outpatients

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of toothaches in patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of a dental institution in India. The primary objective was to identify the clinical and behavioral factors associated with toothaches to support the development of targeted preventive and treatment strategies for this population.

A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months in the OPD of a dental college. Using consecutive sampling, 6732 patients were evaluated. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and clinical examinations conducted by trained dental professionals. Information on demographic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use), and socioeconomic status was gathered. Clinical indicators including dental caries and periodontal status were also assessed. Bivariate analysis (chi-square test) and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the associations between toothaches and potential risk factors. Point-biserial correlation was used to evaluate etiological factors. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated.

Toothaches were reported in 3883 patients (58%). The prevalence of toothaches was significantly influenced by age, with patients aged 17-60 years showing higher odds (OR = 1.52, p = 0.023) than those under 17 years. Female patients were more than male patients (p < 0.001). Non-smokers (OR = 2.36, p = 0.021), non-tobacco users (OR = 1.98, p = 0.012), and non-alcohol users (OR = 2.12, p = 0.013) had higher odds of toothaches, indicating potential reverse causality. Poor oral hygiene practices, such as infrequent brushing (OR = 1.05, p = 0.001) and lack of dental floss use (OR = 1.96, p = 0.001), were associated with toothache. Urban residence (OR = 1.5, p = 0.001), higher education level, and low income emerged as significant predictors. Etiological analysis showed that self-medication had the strongest correlation with various causes of toothaches, including caries, trauma, and periodontitis.

The prevalence of toothaches was reported to be 58%. The findings highlight the multifactorial nature of toothache, with strong links to age, sex, oral hygiene habits, lifestyle behaviors, and socioeconomic status. Comprehensive public health strategies focusing on education, early intervention, and behavioral modification are essential for reducing the burden of toothaches in the population.