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Updated: May 12, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
Published on: December 1, 2013
Advances in recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for bladder cancer from 2015 to 2024: Innovations and
Hanzhao Zhu1,2, Jiani Li1,2, Xintong Zhou1
1Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
Background:
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer is commonly treated by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy, but its efficacy is limited. Research into recombinant BCG (rBCG) aims to enhance its effectiveness and minimize side effects through genetic modifications.
Objective:
This review explored advancements in rBCG therapy (2015 - 2024), focusing on genetic modifications designed to enhance cytokine production, introduce bacterial effectors, and boost immune responses. It also discusses future research on alternatives such as Mycobacterium smegmatis for safety concerns and integrating rBCG with other therapies to improve patient outcomes.
Conclusion:
While rBCG therapies offer promising potential, overcoming translational challenges entails interdisciplinary endeavor to address the issues of safety, cost, and accessibility, and ultimately maximize their benefits for bladder cancer patients.
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11:02Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
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06:12Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model
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