Human toxoplasmosis: current advances in the field.

Area of Science:

• Infectious Diseases
• Public Health
• Parasitology

Background:

• Human toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii infection) is a widespread and often overlooked health concern.
• Emerging data challenge previous assumptions about chronic infection's protective effects.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in the prevention and management of human toxoplasmosis.
• To provide timely updates for clinicians and researchers on emerging risks and updated guidelines.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent literature on toxoplasmosis outbreaks and clinical management.
• Analysis of updated guidelines for at-risk populations, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Main Results:

• Venison-associated outbreaks underscore risks of ocular toxoplasmosis and severe disease in immunocompetent individuals.
• Updated guidelines for HSCT recipients include screening, qPCR monitoring, and prophylaxis for T. gondii reactivation.
• Emerging evidence links chronic T. gondii infection to adverse pregnancy outcomes and potential neuropsychiatric disorders.

Conclusions:

• Enhanced clinical awareness and preventive measures are crucial for managing T. gondii infection.
• Further research is needed to clarify maternal-fetal risks and neuropsychiatric associations.
• Evidence-based updates for clinical guidelines and public health policies are essential.