Detection methods of diamide pesticides in food: Challenges and future directions

Diamide insecticides are widely used in agriculture for their high efficacy and low toxicity to non-target organisms. However, the long-term use of these insecticides may lead to potential food safety risks. Therefore, the accurate detection of diamide insecticide residues in food is of great significance. This paper reviews the mechanism of action, toxicity, and metabolism of diamide insecticides, along with their potential impact on both the environment and food safety. We focus on detection methods including chromatography, spectroscopy, and immunoassays, as well as sample preparation techniques such as dispersive solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction. The principles, workflows, strengths, and limitations of these techniques are analyzed in detail. Currently, detection faces with multiple challenges such as matrix interference and the accurate quantification of low-concentration residues. Therefore, the future development of detection technologies must enhance sensitivity, streamline workflows, and support rapid on-site detection, for example via nanomaterials, biosensors, and integrated automation.