Hedgehog signaling pathway is an influential factor on vascular biology: a review

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is an important pathway involved in major biological processes such as embryonic development, adult morphogenesis, and vascular biology (i.e., vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and arterial remodeling). The latter role was more recently elucidated, occurring through regulation of angiogenic cytokines and controlling the proliferation, and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) or vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), that help deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Anomalous inhibition or activation of Hh signaling is therefore implicated in various pathological conditions, including vascular diseases. However, the mechanisms of Hh involvement in vascular biology have not been systematically clarified. This review covers recent research regarding the regulatory role and mechanism of Hh signaling in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arterial remodeling. We conclude that the Hh signaling pathway holds great promise for treating vascular diseases and cancers. We encourage further research to develop a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms so that we can better determine the Hh pathway's therapeutic value.