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Neurofeedback training for executive function in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Xiaoke Zhong1,2, Xiaoxia Yuan3, Yuanfu Dai2

  • 1School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.

Scientific Reports
|August 1, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Neurofeedback training (NFT) significantly improves executive functions, particularly inhibitory control and working memory, in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Longer NFT durations yield greater benefits and sustained effects.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently exhibit executive function deficits.
  • These deficits can significantly impact academic, social, and emotional development.
  • Effective interventions are crucial for managing ADHD-related executive dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of neurofeedback training (NFT) in enhancing executive functions in children diagnosed with ADHD.
  • To determine if specific NFT parameters, such as duration, influence treatment outcomes.
  • To assess the long-term effects of NFT on executive functions in this population.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted.
  • Studies were selected based on stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria and assessed for quality using the PEDro scale.
  • Seventeen RCTs involving 939 participants were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Neurofeedback training (NFT) demonstrated significant improvements in global executive function, inhibitory control, and working memory in children with ADHD.
  • NFT sessions exceeding 1,260 minutes were more effective in enhancing inhibitory control and working memory.
  • The positive effects of NFT on inhibitory control and working memory were found to be enduring.

Conclusions:

  • Neurofeedback training (NFT) is an effective intervention for improving inhibitory control and working memory in children with ADHD.
  • Optimal NFT duration, particularly exceeding 1,260 minutes, maximizes benefits for working memory and inhibitory control.
  • NFT offers sustained improvements in key executive functions, supporting its clinical utility for ADHD management.

Keywords:
ADHDChildrenExecutive functionMeta-analysisNeurofeedback training

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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