Fully printed multimodal sensing system for continuous health monitoring during exercise

Continuous monitoring of physicochemical information during exercise using wearable and implantable systems is critical for disease management and health monitoring. However, it remains challenging due to limited multimodal system integration, poor detection precision, and rigidity of the equipment. Herein, we present a fully printed multimodal sensing system (MSS) that integrates an implantable glucose/lactate biosensor, wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) and temperature sensors with the reusable electronics. This flexible system fabricated completely by the screen-printing technology enables the wireless real-time monitoring of interstitial fluid biochemical parameters and vital signs during exercise. The experimental validation in anesthetized rats shows that the MSS has a high measurement consistency with Pearson correlation coefficients exceeding 0.96 compared to separated commercial instruments. The MSS successfully realizes the multimodal real-time health monitoring during exercise and accurately reports the physiological effects of exercise in diabetic model rats, such as glucose decline, lactate accumulation, increased heart rate and elevated skin temperature. In addition, it is found that regular exercise can reduce the increase in lactate and heart rate levels, confirming that exercise indeed improves the athletic performance. This novel method provides a robust platform for dynamic real-time monitoring of exercise metabolism, holding a great promise in accurate exercise and health management.