Progress in electrochemical sensing of lead, cadmium and mercury based on graphene and MXenes

This review article presents the progress in the graphene and MXene based materials for the electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions (HMIs), including cadmium (Cd²⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and mercury (Hg²⁺). This is well understood that these ions are highly toxic metals pollute the water and affect the human life and aquatic system. rGO as well as. MXenes are highly conductive materials with exceptional electrochemical properties, making them an ideal choice for electrochemical sensing applications. This review article provides an updated overview of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), graphene oxide (GO), and MXene-based hybrid composites for the detection of Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Pb²⁺ ions. We believe this scientific literature will serve as a valuable resource for electrochemists, offering insights into recent advancements in graphene and MXene-based electrode modifiers. These materials enable the selective, sensitive, and stable electrochemical determination of toxic heavy metal ions.