Mitochondrial disease management through phytochemical interventions

Mitochondrial diseases are a diverse group of disorders caused by dysfunction in mitochondria, the energy-generating organelles of cells. These disorders result from mutations in either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA and can be classified as primary (genetic origin) or secondary (environmentally induced). Due to their systemic impact, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to a wide range of clinical symptoms varying from tissue type and patient age. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of mitochondrial diseases, focusing on their classification, pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges and emerging therapeutic strategies. Current diagnostic approaches face limitations due to the complexity and heterogeneity of mitochondrial disorders. Recent evidence highlights the potential of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids in modulating mitochondrial function. These natural compounds can enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, reduce oxidative stress and improve cellular energy metabolism. Phytochemicals represent a promising therapeutic avenue for mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. However, further research is needed to validate their efficacy and develop standardized treatment protocols. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial pathology will aid in developing more targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.