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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.0K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
2.0K
Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

2.8K
Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
2.8K
Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction01:22

Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction

1.9K
The radical dimerization of ketones or aldehydes gives vicinal diols through a pinacol coupling reaction. However, the behavior of titanium metals used for the reaction as a source of electrons is unusual. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of titanium, diols can be isolated at low temperatures. Else titanium further reacts with diols, forming alkenes through the McMurry reaction.
1.9K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

3.7K
Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
3.7K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.2K
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
2.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.1K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.1K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by CopperI-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units
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Emerging Trends in Advanced Materials for C─S Coupling Reactions: Design Strategies and Future Perspectives.

Rabindranath Lo1,2, Saandra Sharma1, Deepak Kumar1

  • 1Hybrid Porous Materials Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Heterogeneous catalysts, including nanomaterials and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), are revolutionizing carbon-sulfur (C-S) bond formation for drug synthesis. These advanced materials offer enhanced activity, stability, and recyclability in C-S coupling reactions.

Keywords:
C─S couplingdensity functional theory (DFT)hybridsmetal–organic frameworks (MOFs)single atom catalysis (SAC)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • The carbon-sulfur (C-S) bond is a critical motif in pharmaceuticals, necessitating efficient synthetic methods.
  • Organothiol and aryl electrophile coupling reactions are key strategies for C-S bond formation.
  • Heterogeneous catalysts offer advantages in dispersion, stability, and recyclability for C-S coupling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the design, synthesis, and catalytic performance of nanomaterials for C-S coupling reactions.
  • To critically evaluate advanced materials and their role in enhancing C-S coupling efficiency.
  • To provide insights into reaction mechanisms and guide the development of next-generation catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on heterogeneous catalysts for C-S coupling.
  • Analysis of nanomaterials (metals, oxides, single-atom sites) and supports (polymers, 2D materials, MOFs).
  • Discussion of density functional theory (DFT) calculations for mechanistic understanding.

Main Results:

  • Nanomaterials and MOFs exhibit synergistic properties for improved catalytic performance in C-S coupling.
  • Advanced materials demonstrate enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability.
  • DFT calculations provide mechanistic insights for rational catalyst design.

Conclusions:

  • Heterogeneous catalysts, particularly nanomaterials and MOFs, are highly effective for C-S bond formation.
  • Understanding reaction mechanisms is crucial for designing superior catalysts.
  • Future research should focus on developing next-generation catalysts for efficient C-S bond transformations.