Metal-stabilized G-quadruplexes: biological insights and sensing applications

Area of Science:

• Genomics and Molecular Biology
• Biophysical Chemistry

Background:

• Repetitive sequences comprise ~45% of the human genome, forming noncanonical DNA secondary structures like G-quadruplexes (G4s).
• G-quadruplex formation and stability are significantly modulated by metal cations (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+).

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the structural diversity and functional roles of G-quadruplexes.
• To explore the influence of metal ions on G4 properties.
• To discuss the application of ion-dependent G4s in biosensing and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on G-quadruplex structure, function, and ion interactions.
• Analysis of studies detailing G4 folding, stabilization, and biological impact.
• Examination of research on G4-based biosensor and therapeutic development.

Main Results:

• Metal cations stabilize G4 structures, influencing their folding and biological activities.
• G4-ion interactions impact crucial cellular processes like transcription, replication, and genome stability.
• Ion-dependent G4 properties offer potential for biosensing and therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

• G-quadruplexes are versatile DNA structures whose functions are modulated by metal cations.
• Harnessing ion-dependent G4 properties presents promising avenues for diagnostic and clinical technologies.
• Further research is needed to advance G4-targeted applications for medical use.