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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Pig Taste Cell-derived Organoids Synthesize Insulin.

Hasitha U Premathilake1, Caio H Mazucanti1, Qin Yao1

  • 1Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.

Endocrinology
|August 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed pig taste organoids preserving cellular diversity. These organoids can model non-glucose-regulated insulin production and its role as a trophic factor in taste receptor cells.

Keywords:
dynamic 3D culturegustatoryinsulintaste organoidstaste receptor cellstaste stem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Organoid culture
  • Taste biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Taste papillae contain diverse cell types, including taste stem cells and taste receptor cells (TRCs).
  • Understanding TRC differentiation and function is crucial for taste research.
  • Insulin's role beyond glucose regulation is an emerging area of study.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a long-term organoid culture model from pig foliate taste papillae.
  • To investigate the expression of taste stem cell and TRC markers in these organoids.
  • To explore the role of insulin in taste organoid proliferation, differentiation, and insulin production.

Main Methods:

  • Organoid culture derived from pig foliate taste papillae.
  • Long-term maintenance and characterization of organoids over 18 passages.
  • Analysis of taste stem cell markers (LGR4, LGR6, SOX2) and TRC markers (cytokeratin 20, ENTPD2, GNAT3, OTOP1).
  • Assessment of insulin's necessity for proliferation and differentiation.
  • Investigation of insulin and transcription factor expression (MAFA, PAX4, PDX-1) in TRCs.
  • Optimization of differentiation conditions for TRC expression and insulin production.
  • Stimulation of insulin production using cAMP.

Main Results:

  • Pig taste organoids preserved cellular heterogeneity and expressed key taste stem cell and TRC markers.
  • Insulin was essential for optimal organoid proliferation and differentiation.
  • Some TRCs expressed insulin and transcription factors MAFA and PAX4, but not PDX-1.
  • Optimized conditions increased insulin protein content by 6.5-fold.
  • Insulin production was responsive to cAMP stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • A robust pig taste organoid model was established, maintaining cellular heterogeneity and key markers.
  • These organoids provide a renewable system for studying taste stem cell dynamics and TRC differentiation.
  • The findings suggest a potential role for extra-pancreatic, non-glucose-regulated insulin as a trophic factor in taste buds.