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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents
09:23

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

Published on: October 16, 2012

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Neuromodulation (desynchronisation) for tinnitus in adults.

Derek J Hoare1, Diane Whitham2, James A Henry3,4

  • 1National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|August 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This Cochrane Review protocol investigates neuromodulation therapies targeting abnormal brain activity to alleviate tinnitus perception and distress. It aims to assess effectiveness, side effects, and quality of life improvements for tinnitus management.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Tinnitus, characterized by pathological synchronous neural activity, significantly impacts quality of life.
  • Current treatments for tinnitus are limited, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of neuromodulation therapies for reducing tinnitus perception and distress.
  • To assess the impact of these therapies on comorbid symptoms and overall quality of life.
  • To review physiological changes and adverse events associated with neuromodulation therapies for tinnitus.

Main Methods:

  • This protocol outlines a Cochrane Review of intervention studies.
  • Systematic search for randomized controlled trials and other relevant studies on neuromodulation therapies for tinnitus.
  • Data extraction and synthesis focusing on clinical effectiveness, physiological changes, and safety.

Main Results:

  • Results are pending the completion of the systematic review and data analysis.
  • Expected to provide evidence on the efficacy and safety of neuromodulation for tinnitus.

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulation therapies show promise for tinnitus management by targeting underlying neural mechanisms.
  • Further research and rigorous evaluation are needed to establish optimal therapeutic strategies and confirm long-term benefits.