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Have China's internal migrants been more settled since 2010? A contribution based on migrants' age profiles
1Lau China Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
Eurasian Geography and Economics
|August 4, 2025
Summary
China's internal migrants show only a slight improvement in settlement since 2010, indicating hukou reforms need strengthening. Age data reveals limited progress in family togetherness and long-term stays for migrants.
Area of Science:
- Demography
- Sociology
- Migration Studies
Background:
- China's internal migration is extensive, with significant policy implications.
- Hukou (household registration) reforms aim to improve migrant integration and settlement.
- Assessing migrant settlement is crucial for effective policy development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the effectiveness of recent hukou reforms in enhancing migrant settlement in China.
- To analyze changes in migrant settlement patterns between 2010 and 2020 using age data.
- To assess improvements in family togetherness and long-term migrant stays.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of age-specific migrant stock data from China's 2010 and 2020 national censuses.
- Application of a method examining age profiles to infer settlement aspects.
- Evaluation of dependent (child, elderly) migration and aging-in-place trends.
Main Results:
- Migrant age distribution shifted slightly towards more evenness but remained concentrated in young adults.
- A minor improvement in overall migrant settlement was observed between 2010 and 2020.
- Limited progress in family reunification and long-term settlement for aging migrants.
Conclusions:
- Current hukou reforms have yielded unsatisfactory improvements in migrant settlement.
- Substantial enhancements in hukou policies and migrant support are necessary.
- Age data provides a valuable, objective measure for assessing actual migrant settlement extent.
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