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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Biosynthesis in Bacteria01:24

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

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Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
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Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
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Revolutionizing Caffeic Acid Production: Advanced Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Approaches.

Jintao Lu1, Beining Wang1, Xiqiang Liu1

  • 1National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.

Biotechnology Journal
|August 4, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Microbial production of caffeic acid (CA) can be enhanced using five key strategies. Overcoming bottlenecks like precursor availability and toxicity is crucial for increasing CA yields in cell factories.

Keywords:
caffeic acidmetabolic engineeringmicrobial cell factoryproductionsynthetic biology

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A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
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Caffeine Extraction, Enzymatic Activity and Gene Expression of Caffeine Synthase from Plant Cell Suspensions
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Caffeine Extraction, Enzymatic Activity and Gene Expression of Caffeine Synthase from Plant Cell Suspensions

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Metabolic Engineering
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Caffeic acid (CA) is a valuable natural phenolic compound with applications in food and medicine.
  • Plant metabolism naturally synthesizes CA as a precursor to phenylpropanoid derivatives.
  • Advances in synthetic biology enable microbial biosynthesis of CA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for optimizing microbial production of caffeic acid.
  • To identify and address bottlenecks hindering efficient CA biosynthesis in microbial systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of five key strategies: pathway optimization, metabolic engineering, systems/synthetic biology, cofactor engineering, and modular co-culture.
  • Analysis of current limitations in microbial CA production.

Main Results:

  • Five distinct strategies were identified for enhancing caffeic acid production.
  • Identified bottlenecks include precursor limitation, toxicity, cofactor inefficiency, and host limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating the five reviewed strategies is essential for overcoming production bottlenecks.
  • Further increases in microbial caffeic acid production are anticipated through bottleneck resolution.