Emotion regulation training for adolescents with ADHD: a multiple-baseline single-case experimental study

Adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often experience difficulties with emotion regulation, but treatment alternatives remain limited. This study investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of a newly developed psychological intervention aiming to increase emotion regulation skills in adolescent ADHD. A single-case experimental design with multiple baselines across participants was employed. Seven girls aged 13-17 years with ADHD completed the intervention. Outcomes of feasibility included attrition and retention rates, therapist-rated adherence, homework completion and engagement with the intervention material, as well as self- and caregiver ratings of client satisfaction and adverse outcomes. Primary outcomes of emotion dysregulation included weekly self- and caregiver ratings of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form during baseline, the intervention and a follow-up period of 2 weeks. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, visual inspection and effect size (Tau). The intervention was deemed feasible, although homework completion and engagement between sessions proved challenging. Six adolescents and caregivers reported lower emotion dysregulation after the intervention. However, six adolescent and four caregiver ratings demonstrated improvement before the intervention during baseline, complicating determination of intervention effects. Nevertheless, four participants showed a visual and/or statistical improvement from the intervention. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the intervention may have positive effects on emotional clarity.