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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

The Invisible Extinction.

Martin J Blaser¹, Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello²

¹Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA;

Annual Review of Microbiology

|August 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Modernization is reducing human microbiome diversity, impacting early development, immunity, and metabolism. This loss is linked to emerging diseases, necessitating interventions to restore microbial balance.

Keywords:

antibiotics development disease ecology epidemiology medicine microbiome

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Area of Science:

Human biology
Microbiome research
Public health

Background:

The human microbiome, crucial for health and disease, has undergone significant diversity loss in recent generations.
Early-life microbiota acquisition influences development, particularly metabolism, immunity, and cognition.
Modernization presents challenges to maintaining a healthy, diverse microbiome.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine factors influencing human microbiome acquisition, maintenance, and loss.
To explore the connection between an altered microbiome and recent disease emergence.
To propose solutions for mitigating microbiome-related health issues linked to modernization.

Main Methods:

Review of medical, public health, and dietary factors affecting the microbiome.
Analysis of the relationship between microbiome alterations and contemporary diseases.
Identification of strategies to address microbiome diversity loss.

Main Results:

Significant loss of human microbiome diversity is occurring.
Early-life microbial communities are critical for developmental trajectories.
Modern lifestyle factors are implicated in microbiome disruption and disease.

Conclusions:

The changing human microbiome due to modernization poses risks to health.
Restoring microbiome diversity is essential for human development and disease prevention.
Interventions targeting medical, dietary, and public health practices are needed.