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Pasteurization and Food Preservation

Pasteurization and Food Preservation

Pasteurization is a widely employed thermal processing technique designed to enhance the safety and shelf life of perishable food and beverages. By subjecting products to specific high temperatures for controlled durations, this method effectively inactivates pathogenic microorganisms and spoilage enzymes without significantly compromising sensory qualities. The technique has been pivotal in food safety management, especially for consumables susceptible to microbial contamination such as milk,...

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

A Method for Targeted 16S Sequencing of Human Milk Samples

Published on: March 23, 2018

Bacillus Pre-Pasteurization Screening Protocol Reduces Donor Human Milk Loss.

Sydney McCune^1,2,3, Lisa Stellwagen^1,3,4, Carrie L Byington^1,3

¹Human Milk Institute (HMI), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.

Breastfeeding Medicine : the Official Journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine

|August 4, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Implementing pre-pasteurization screening for donor human milk significantly reduces discard rates caused by Bacillus contamination. This cost-effective strategy preserves valuable milk products for vulnerable infants, improving milk bank efficiency.

Keywords:

Bacillus contamination donor human milk milk banking milk safety pre-pasteurization screening

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Neonatal Nutrition
Public Health

Background:

Human milk is crucial for infant nutrition, especially for preterm infants.
Pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) is used for premature infants but faces contamination challenges.
Spore-forming bacteria like Bacillus can survive pasteurization, leading to significant PDHM discard rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate a novel pre-pasteurization screening protocol implemented in 2020 at the University of California Health Milk Bank.
To assess the protocol's effectiveness in reducing discard rates and its cost efficiency over three years.

Main Methods:

Analysis of three years of data from the University of California Health Milk Bank.
Comparison of discard rates before and after implementing the pre-pasteurization screening protocol.
Calculation of cost savings and return on investment associated with the screening protocol.

Main Results:

Bacillus species accounted for 98% of post-pasteurization positive cultures.
The pre-pasteurization screening protocol reduced the total discard rate due to Bacillus contamination from 3.1% to 1.2%.
Without screening, an estimated 10.7% of PDHM could have been discarded; the protocol saved approximately 1,942,800 mL of milk valued at $323,800.

Conclusions:

Pre-pasteurization screening is a highly effective method for reducing product loss in donor milk banks.
The implemented protocol demonstrated significant cost savings, with a return on investment of $4.39 for every dollar spent.
This approach enhances the safety and availability of pasteurized donor human milk for vulnerable infant populations.