Whole recombinant yeast-based vaccines: concept, importance, issues, and future scope

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology
• Immunology
• Vaccinology

Background:

• Current vaccine formulations, including mRNA vaccines, face challenges such as thermal instability, limited shelf life, and stringent cold chain requirements.
• These limitations hinder vaccine accessibility and efficacy, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the advantages of whole yeast (WY) and whole recombinant yeast-based (WRY) vaccines in overcoming common vaccine formulation issues.
• To discuss the immunomodulatory interactions of yeast cells with the host immune system relevant to WRY vaccines.
• To highlight the potential of WRY vaccines, especially for anti-fungal applications, and identify developmental bottlenecks.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing research on yeast-based vaccine formulations.
• Analysis of studies investigating the immunogenicity and stability of WY and WRY vaccines.
• Examination of clinical trial data and research guidelines for WRY vaccine development.

Main Results:

• WRY vaccines demonstrate potential for improved thermostability and shelf life compared to conventional vaccines.
• Yeast cell components can act as intrinsic adjuvants, enhancing immune responses.
• The review identifies key challenges and provides recommendations for WRY vaccine research and reporting.

Conclusions:

• Whole yeast and whole recombinant yeast-based vaccines present a viable strategy to enhance vaccine stability and overcome cold chain dependency.
• Further research and standardized reporting are crucial for advancing WRY vaccine technology, particularly for anti-fungal applications.