Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 12, 2025
Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
Published on: May 23, 2021
Endoscopic and exoscopic approaches to the temporal bone and lateral skull base
Zachary G Schwam1, George B Wanna1
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Otology-Neurotology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
None:
Otologists and lateral skull base surgeons have traditionally relied on the use of the operative microscope for intraoperative visualization. In recent years, endoscopic and exoscopic technologies have introduced new avenues for researching, visualizing, approaching, and understanding this complex and dense anatomic region. This review aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive update as to the use of endoscopes and exoscopes in temporal bone, otologic, and lateral skull base surgery, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential impact on surgical outcomes.
Related Concept Videos
01:27Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
01:14Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...