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Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

The respiratory zone of the human body, which stands in contrast to the conducting zone, comprises the structures that actively participate in the exchange of gases. The initiation of this zone is marked by the terminal bronchioles converging into respiratory bronchioles, the tiniest bronchiole classification. The respiratory bronchioles give way to the alveolar ducts that opens into a congregation of alveoli. Actively involved in gas exchange, alveoli resemble tiny sacs similar to clusters of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

Dimensional Changes After Different Alveolar Ridge Preservation Techniques for Posterior Region: A Randomised

Leticia Sandoli Arroteia¹, Matheus Paschoaletto Lopes¹, Marcela Tarosso Réa²

¹Periodontics Division, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.

Journal of Clinical Periodontology

|August 5, 2025

Summary

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) techniques using bone grafting or titanium membranes are effective for posterior tooth extraction sites. These methods better preserve ridge dimensions compared to unassisted healing, reducing future implant complications.

Keywords:

bone graft cone‐beam computed tomography dental implants membranes surgery

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Area of Science:

Dental implantology
Periodontology
Oral surgery

Background:

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is crucial for successful dental implant placement.
Limited evidence exists for ARP effectiveness in posterior extraction sites.
NCT06081296

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate dimensional changes in posterior extraction sockets using four ARP methods.
To compare modified free gingival graft (MFGG), MFGG with xenograft (MFGG+XG), guided bone regeneration with titanium membrane and xenograft (TM+XG), and unassisted socket healing (USH).

Main Methods:

Randomized controlled trial with 22 patients per group.
Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) used for assessment.
Measurements included vertical and horizontal ridge dimensions and implant-related outcomes at 6 months.

Main Results:

TM+XG and MFGG+XG showed superior vertical ridge preservation compared to USH and MFGG.
Significant horizontal reduction occurred in all groups.
USH led to higher sinus floor elevation and increased use of short implants.

Conclusions:

Bone grafting with MFGG or titanium membrane enhances ridge preservation in posterior sites.
These techniques reduce the need for further surgical interventions.
TM+XG and MFGG+XG offer better outcomes for posterior alveolar ridge preservation.