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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character02:48

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Bond Polarity
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Hydrophobic Salt-modified Nafion for Enzyme Immobilization and Stabilization
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Ion Valency as a Molecular Switch for Salt-Resistant Underwater Adhesion.

Chang-Sheng Wang1, Jiaxing Zhang2,3, Hu Zhang1

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|August 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Multivalent ions like Y3+ significantly enhance underwater adhesion in peptide systems by strengthening π-π and cation-π interactions, overcoming hydration layer disruptions for robust bonding in saline environments.

Keywords:
adhesionbottlebrush polymercation‐π interactionmolecular dynamics simulationmolecular switch

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Underwater adhesion is difficult due to hydration layers and ionic interference.
  • Peptide-based adhesives often struggle in saline conditions, limiting their applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how ion valency affects underwater adhesion in peptide systems.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind ion-mediated adhesion enhancement.
  • To guide the design of responsive bio-inspired materials for saline environments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized adhesive peptide systems with π-π and cation-π interactions.
  • Investigated the effects of monovalent (K+) and multivalent (Mg2+, Y3+) ions.
  • Employed molecular dynamics simulations, quantum mechanical analyses, and NMR spectroscopy.
  • Developed a thermodynamic model to analyze binding dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Monovalent ions weakened peptide interactions and adhesion.
  • Multivalent ions, especially Y3+, formed stable π-cation-π networks, significantly boosting adhesion.
  • Y3+ demonstrated exceptional bridging capabilities, enhancing stress dissipation.
  • NMR confirmed cation-dependent interactions with peptide residues (Phe, Lys).

Conclusions:

  • Ion valency is critical for modulating underwater adhesion in peptide systems.
  • Multivalent ions, particularly Y3+, offer a promising strategy for achieving robust underwater adhesion.
  • This research provides molecular insights for developing ionically responsive biomaterials for marine and biomedical applications.