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Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the...
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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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[Prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics-An introduction].

Maria do Carmo Greier1, Benedikt Gabriel Hofauer2

  • 1Universitätsklinik für Hals‑, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Österreich. maria.greier@i-med.ac.at.

HNO
|August 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Postbiotics, bioactive compounds from microbes, show promise for improving oral health. They help combat harmful bacteria and inflammation, offering a potential new avenue for maintaining a healthy oral microbiome.

Keywords:
Bioactive metabolitesDysbiosisOral healthOral microbiomeOral-gut axis

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Oral Health

Context:

  • The human microbiome is vital for health, with the oral microbiome playing a key role in oral health maintenance.
  • Dysbiosis in the oral microbiome is associated with caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancer.
  • The oral-gut axis highlights the interconnectedness of oral and intestinal microbiomes.

Purpose:

  • To explore the potential of postbiotics in modulating the oral microbiome for improved oral health.
  • To investigate the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects of postbiotics in the oral cavity.

Summary:

  • Postbiotics, non-viable microbial products, offer therapeutic benefits without live organisms.
  • They exert beneficial effects by inhibiting pathogenic microbes, regulating immune responses, and reducing inflammation.
  • Recent findings suggest postbiotics can sustainably enhance oral health and may serve as an adjunct therapy for oral cancer.

Impact:

  • Postbiotics present a promising strategy for microbiome modulation with potential applications in preventing oral diseases.
  • Their anti-tumor properties warrant further investigation for adjunct cancer therapy.
  • This research opens new avenues for developing innovative oral health interventions.