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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity
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Tregs epigenetically reprogrammed from autoreactive effector T cells mitigate established autoimmunity.

Tyler R Colson1, James J Cameron1, Hayley I Muendlein2

  • 1Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

JCI Insight
|August 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming effector T cells into regulatory T cells (Tregs) creates stable ER-Tregs. These ER-Tregs effectively treat autoimmune neuroinflammation in mice by leveraging their preserved effector functions and specificity.

Keywords:
Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmunityEpigeneticsImmunologyInflammationT cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular and Molecular Immunology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Reprogramming autoreactive CD4+ effector T (Teff) cells into regulatory T (Treg) cells is a potential therapy for autoimmune diseases.
  • The stability and function of these reprogrammed Tregs in inflammatory settings are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability and therapeutic potential of epigenetically reprogrammed Teff cells into Tregs (ER-Tregs).
  • To compare the efficacy of ER-Tregs against other Treg populations in treating autoimmune neuroinflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming of Teff cells to activate core Treg identity genes, generating ER-Tregs.
  • Adoptive transfer of ER-Tregs into mouse models of autoimmune neuroinflammation before and after disease onset.
  • Comparative analysis of ER-Treg efficacy against Foxp3-overexpressing Teff cells, induced Tregs, and endogenous Tregs.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming yields lineage-stable ER-Tregs.
  • A single ER-Treg transfer prevented and arrested autoimmune neuroinflammation in mice.
  • ER-Tregs demonstrated superior protection compared to other Treg types.
  • Enhanced efficacy is attributed to inherited autoantigen specificity and preserved effector transcriptional programs, improving fitness and suppressive capacity in inflammatory environments.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming of autoreactive Teff cells generates potent and stable Tregs.
  • ER-Tregs represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treating refractory autoimmune diseases.