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Using Safety-I, II, and III to level up patient safety.

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Summary

This review introduces clinicians to Safety-I, Safety-II, and Safety-III, complementary theories for understanding accidents and enhancing patient safety. Understanding these safety science concepts is crucial for modern healthcare practices.

Keywords:
patient safetyresilience engineeringsafety sciencesystems theory

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare safety science
  • Patient safety research
  • Systems engineering

Background:

  • Safety-I, II, and III concepts are increasingly adopted in healthcare.
  • Patient safety experts are popularizing these theories.
  • Clinicians need to understand these theories for safety interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce clinicians to the theories of Safety-I, II, and III.
  • Explain the adaptation of these theories in healthcare.
  • Highlight the importance of understanding safety science for patient safety.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of safety-I, II, and III in healthcare.
  • Analysis of recently published applied case studies.
  • Synthesis of theoretical underpinnings and practical applications.

Main Results:

  • Growing body of literature on Safety-I, II, and III in healthcare.
  • Multiple applied case studies demonstrate practical use.
  • Safety-I, II, and III offer distinct perspectives on accident causation and prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Safety-I, II, and III are complementary frameworks for accident analysis and safety system design.
  • Safety-I focuses on linear event chains and root causes.
  • Safety-II emphasizes resilience and the protective role of variability.
  • Safety-III highlights emergent safety from system interactions (people, software, hardware).
  • These theories provide different lessons and strategies for promoting patient safety.