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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment

Published on: February 23, 2024

CLIK-Diffusion: Clinical Knowledge-informed Diffusion Model for Tooth Alignment.

Yulong Dou¹, Han Wu¹, Changjian Li²

¹School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.

Medical Image Analysis

|August 5, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

CLIK-Diffusion, a novel clinical knowledge-informed diffusion model, automates tooth alignment by transforming landmark coordinates, improving orthodontic treatment efficiency and accuracy for misaligned teeth.

Keywords:

3D tooth model Clinical knowledge constraint Diffusion model Orthodontics Tooth alignment

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Last Updated: Sep 12, 2025

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry
Orthodontics

Background:

Traditional semi-automatic tooth alignment is labor-intensive and relies heavily on dentist expertise, leading to prolonged treatment.
Existing automatic methods often oversimplify tooth alignment by directly estimating rigid transformations, neglecting crucial clinical insights and rules for effective orthodontic treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce CLIK-Diffusion, a Clinical Knowledge-informed Diffusion model designed for automatic tooth alignment.
To address the limitations of current methods by incorporating clinical knowledge and formulating tooth alignment as a landmark transformation problem.

Main Methods:

CLIK-Diffusion formulates tooth alignment as a landmark coordinate generation task, learning the distribution of normal occlusion.
Hierarchical constraints are implemented at dental-arch, inter-tooth, and individual-tooth levels to ensure clinically valid alignment.
The model predicts post-orthodontic landmarks and estimates rigid transformations for each tooth based on pre- and post-orthodontic landmark coordinates.

Main Results:

CLIK-Diffusion demonstrates exceptional performance and strong applicability in real-world malocclusion cases.
The model's approach effectively integrates essential clinical knowledge for accurate tooth alignment.
Comparative evaluations show superior results compared to state-of-the-art methods in orthodontic treatment.

Conclusions:

CLIK-Diffusion offers a significant advancement in automatic tooth alignment by integrating clinical knowledge into a diffusion model framework.
The proposed method enhances the efficiency and accuracy of orthodontic treatments, particularly for complex malocclusions.
The developed dataset and code are publicly available, facilitating further research and development in AI-driven orthodontics.