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Related Concept Videos

Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
213
Pumped Concrete01:13

Pumped Concrete

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Concrete in large quantities can be pumped across long distances for placing in inaccessible sites. This system comprises a hopper that receives concrete from a mixer, a pump to propel the concrete, and pipelines that facilitate its delivery.
For direct-acting pumps, the concrete enters the pump via the inlet valve under the action of gravity and suction created by the movement of the piston. This concrete is then forced into the pipeline and out through the outlet valve by the forward movement...
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Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

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Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
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Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

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Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

114
Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
06:53

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GRAPPA 2024: Key Project Advances.

Gizem Ayan1, Philip S Helliwell2, Christine A Lindsay3

  • 1G. Ayan, MD, Ankara Research and Training Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Ankara, Turkey.

The Journal of Rheumatology
|August 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) advances key initiatives, including the Collaborative Research Network and difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis projects, enhancing patient outcomes.

Keywords:
GRAPPAeducationpsoriasispsoriatic arthritisresearch

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Dermatology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Psoriatic disease management requires collaborative research efforts.
  • Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) convenes experts to address research gaps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present key advancements from GRAPPA's 2024 annual meeting.
  • To highlight progress in collaborative research networks and specific psoriatic arthritis projects.

Main Methods:

  • Presentations during the Project Key Advances session.
  • Updates from the Collaborative Research Network (CRN), including HIPPOCRATES.
  • Progress reports on complex-to-manage (C2M)/difficult-to-treat (D2T) psoriatic arthritis initiatives.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significant progress in CRN and HIPPOCRATES initiatives.
  • Advancements reported in C2M/D2T psoriatic arthritis research.
  • An update on the GRAPPA educational slide library was provided.

Conclusions:

  • GRAPPA's collaborative initiatives are advancing psoriatic disease research.
  • Progress in key projects signifies dedication to improving patient outcomes.
  • Continued collaboration is essential for psoriatic disease education and research.