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Related Concept Videos

False Memories01:18

False Memories

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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
One primary source of false memories is misattribution, where individuals incorrectly associate external information...
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Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

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Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
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When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
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Confirmation Biases01:31

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Cognitive Dissonance01:38

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
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Addressing misperceptions takes more than combating fake news.

Jennifer Allen1, Gordon Pennycook2, David G Rand3

  • 1Department of Technology, Operations, and Statistics, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|August 5, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Research on misinformation should expand beyond "fake news" to explore how people form false beliefs and make poor decisions. New studies should examine elite misinformation, misleading content, behavioral impacts, and intervention effectiveness.

Keywords:
decision-makingfake newsmisinformation

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Communication Studies
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Current misinformation research often focuses narrowly on 'fake news'.
  • Understanding the cognitive and social processes behind misperceptions is crucial.
  • Existing research may not fully capture the impact of misinformation on real-world decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for a broader research agenda in misinformation studies.
  • To identify key areas for future research beyond traditional 'fake news' paradigms.
  • To encourage a more comprehensive understanding of misperceptions and decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis and synthesis of existing misinformation research.
  • Identification of under-explored areas within the field.
  • Proposal of new research directions and methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Misinformation research needs to encompass elite-driven false claims and content that is accurate but misleading.
  • Measuring behavioral outcomes is essential, moving beyond just belief and sharing metrics.
  • Existing interventions require re-evaluation within these broader contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Broadening the scope of misinformation research is vital for a comprehensive understanding.
  • Future research should integrate cognitive, behavioral, and contextual factors.
  • A more holistic approach will lead to more effective interventions and mitigation strategies.