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  3. Assessing Work-life Balance In Malta And Italy: A Cross-cultural Investigation Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (esem).
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  3. Assessing Work-life Balance In Malta And Italy: A Cross-cultural Investigation Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (esem).

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Assessing Work-Life Balance in Malta and Italy: A Cross-Cultural Investigation Using Exploratory Structural Equation

Rossella Bottaro1, Katya De Giovanni2, Palmira Faraci1

  • 1Psychometric Laboratory, Department of Human and Social Sciences, University Kore of Enna, Enna, Italy.

Psychology Research and Behavior Management
|August 6, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study validates the Work-Life Balance Scale (WLBS) across cultures, confirming its reliability and applicability for assessing employee well-being in diverse contexts. Findings support its cross-cultural use.

Keywords:
cultural invarianceexploratory structural equation modellingwork-life balance

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Organizational Behavior
  • Cross-cultural Studies

Background:

  • Work-life balance (WLB) is a critical construct, necessitating updated frameworks post-pandemic.
  • Re-evaluating professional and personal life boundaries requires robust measurement tools.
  • Existing WLB assessments need validation across diverse cultural settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the dimensionality, validity, reliability, and cultural invariance of the Work-Life Balance Scale (WLBS).
  • To examine the practical impact of WLB on employee well-being.
  • To provide updated empirical evidence for WLB assessment in cross-cultural contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-cultural study involving 362 Maltese and Italian employees.
  • Online survey administration of the WLBS.
  • Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and Network Analysis for psychometric evaluation and cultural invariance testing.

    • Main Results:

    • ESEM demonstrated a good model fit, revealing less correlated latent factors than CFA.
    • Cultural invariance tests supported weak invariance across countries.
    • The WLBS exhibited strong validity and reliability, confirming its psychometric properties.

    Conclusions:

    • ESEM provided new insights into the WLBS theoretical framework and dimensionality.
    • The study confirmed the WLBS's psychometric features and cross-cultural applicability in European contexts.
    • Practical recommendations for government policy regarding WLB were discussed.