Heterostructure Engineering in Metal Sulfides for Electrochemical CO₂ Reduction: Advancing Performance and Stability

Heterostructure engineering in metal sulfides has emerged as a promising strategy for advancing the performance of electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). By leveraging surface functionalization, interface engineering, doping, and vacancy formation, metal sulfide-based heterostructures offer effective strategies to enhance catalytic performance and durability. This review consolidates recent research findings on the application of metal sulfide-based heterostructures in CO₂RR pathways and electron transfer mechanisms, providing insights into the properties and performance of these heterostructured catalysts. First, the key mechanistic descriptors of CO₂RR are outlined, followed by an examination of the electrocatalytic performances of various metal sulfide-based heterostructures, categorized into Cu sulfides, non-Cu transition metal sulfides (TMSs), and post-TMSs. Finally, future research directions for sustainable CO₂ conversion are discussed.