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Individual Differences in Statistical Learning and Semantic Adaptation: An N400 Study.

Márton Munding^1,2, Bálint Forgács^2,3, Krisztina Sára Lukics^4,5

¹Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.

Psychophysiology

|August 6, 2025

Summary

Individual differences in statistical learning (SL) abilities correlate with N400 brain responses during language comprehension. Better statistical learning performance is linked to larger N400 amplitudes, suggesting SL

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Psycholinguistics
Computational Linguistics

Background:

The N400 event-related potential (ERP) is linked to predictive language comprehension.
Statistical learning (SL) is a key mechanism in language acquisition and processing.
Individual differences in SL and their relation to N400 are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between individual differences in statistical learning abilities and N400 amplitudes.
To explore the role of working memory and cloze probability in this relationship.

Main Methods:

Assessed statistical learning performance using speech segmentation and artificial grammar learning tasks.
Recorded electroencephalography (EEG) to measure N400 responses.
Analyzed N400 amplitudes in response to sentences with varying cloze probability.

Main Results:

Better online statistical learning (SL-ON) performance correlated with larger N400 amplitudes across all conditions.
Working memory significantly modulated N400 amplitude and interacted with SL-ON.
Cloze probability independently affected N400 amplitude.

Conclusions:

Individual differences in statistical learning abilities contribute to variability in N400 responses.
N400 semantic operations may involve statistical learning mechanisms.
SL and cloze probability might represent distinct levels of predictive language processing.