The role of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) in the development of fibrosis in keratoconus

The etiology of keratoconus, a disease characterized by deterioration in the extracellular matrix and thinning of the corneal stroma, has not yet been fully elucidated. Recent studies have drawn attention to the relationship between TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1) and keratoconus because of its essential role in extracellular matrix secretion.

This study aimed to assess serum TGF-β1 levels in keratoconus patients and demonstrate its potential for estimating the severity of the disease.

The study prospectively included 63 patients diagnosed with keratoconus, followed-up between October 2023 and May 2024, and 65 healthy individuals. Patients were divided into four groups according to the Amsler-Krumeich classification. Serum TGF-β1 levels were measured from venous blood samples taken from the patient and control groups using ELISA.

In the patient group, TGF-β1 levels were 357.13 pg/ml (165.43-793.91) and 233.71 pg/ml (117.95-583.72) in the control group. TGF-β1 levels in the patient group were significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.001). When keratoconus was examined according to stage, it was determined that TGF-β1 levels increased as the severity of the disease increased (p < 0.05 for all groups). No statistical difference was found between the groups in terms of age and gender.

Considering that TGF-β1 is effective in the formation of fibrosis, high TGF-β1 levels may play a role in the scar formation observed in the advanced stages of keratoconus patients.