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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic...
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Author Spotlight: Radiotherapy and Clonogenic Assays for Advancing Cancer Research and Personalized Medicine
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Author Spotlight: Radiotherapy and Clonogenic Assays for Advancing Cancer Research and Personalized Medicine

Published on: April 5, 2024

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Radiation-dependent Nucleic Acid Sensing, and Its Possible Impact on Radiotherapy.

Robert J Pickering1, Christian Zierhut

  • 1Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.

Cancer Journal (Sudbury, Mass.)
|August 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiotherapy can activate innate immune sensing pathways in tumor cells, similar to pathogen responses. This activation influences tumor cell behavior and shapes the tumor microenvironment, impacting cancer treatment outcomes.

Keywords:
DNA sensingInnate immunityRIG-IRNA sensingcGAS-STINGradiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • DNA damage and chromosomal instability trigger sterile inflammatory responses.
  • Innate immune sensing pathways, including DNA-sensing (cGAS, AIM2) and RNA-sensing (RIG-I, MDA5, ZBP1) mechanisms, are involved.
  • These pathways can be activated by radiotherapy, influencing tumor behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how innate immune signaling is activated in tumor cells during radiotherapy.
  • To examine the impact of this activation on irradiated cells and the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on innate immune signaling in radiotherapy.
  • Analysis of DNA-sensing and RNA-sensing pathways activated by radiation.
  • Discussion of the consequences for tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment.

Main Results:

  • Radiotherapy can activate cGAS, AIM2, RIG-I, MDA5, and ZBP1 pathways in tumor cells.
  • Activated pathways modulate the behavior of irradiated tumor cells.
  • These signaling events can shape the tumor microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immune activation by radiotherapy is a critical factor in cancer treatment.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Modulating innate immune responses could enhance radiotherapy efficacy.