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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Physics and Multiphysics Phenomena
    • Cloud Electrification and Lightning Discharge Modeling

    Background:

    • Thunderstorms are complex multiphysics phenomena driven by atmospheric charge transfer.
    • Existing models often require user-defined triggers and lack comprehensive simulation capabilities for diverse lightning types.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a physically grounded model for simulating cloud electrification and lightning discharge.
    • To generate diverse lightning types as emergent responses to evolving atmospheric conditions with minimal parameters.
    • To validate the model against observational data and prior simulations.

    Main Methods:

    • Modeled charge separation at the microphysical level using a statistical mechanics framework.
    • Developed a novel gauge-invariant dielectric breakdown model for lightning discharge simulation.
    • Incorporated bipolar channels, dynamic electric fields, and air resistance into the breakdown model.

    Main Results:

    • The model successfully simulates diverse lightning types as emergent phenomena.
    • It accurately captures the full life cycle of thunderstorms.
    • Validation against observational data and prior models confirms the method's efficacy.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed framework provides a physically grounded and comprehensive approach to simulating thunderstorms and lightning.
    • The model's minimal parameter requirement and lack of user triggers enhance its applicability.
    • The framework has potential applications in real-time nowcasting, civil engineering, and virtual environment generation.