Use of Interactive, Patient-Centric Mobile Health Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review

Although significant differences in health care outcomes remain between low-middle-income countries and high-income countries, access to mobile devices is comparable. Interactive, patient-centric mobile health (mHealth) technology interventions may mitigate the increasing cancer burden in sub-Saharan Africa. However, these interventions' distribution, efficacy, and feasibility in the region are unknown.

We compiled literature on two-way, patient-centric mHealth technology in sub-Saharan Africa. We searched online databases for studies completed in sub-Saharan Africa with mHealth interventions (inception to July 23, 2024). Two authors independently completed title/abstract screening. Inclusion criteria were sub-Saharan African setting, age 13 years or older with any health condition, two-way mobile communication, and outcomes studies. Studies that passed title/abstract screening underwent full-text review by two independent authors. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus. Data extraction/review was completed using Covidence software and Microsoft Excel.

We retrieved 1,380 unique citations. After screening/review, the final sample size was 37. Randomized controlled trials were most common (n = 20). A plurality took place in Kenya. HIV was the most common condition (n = 30). Interventions included messages about medication/appointment adherence and patient status. Most studies (32 of 37 [86%]) had at least one positive finding. Study characteristics varied widely for those with positive findings, but using various message frequencies, or peer navigators/social supporters increased success. All studies with no positive findings were randomized controlled trials; four of the five were on HIV.

Most two-way, patient-centric mHealth interventions in sub-Saharan Africa have been successful by at least one measure. Interventions have primarily been for patients with HIV. No studies have focused on cancer. With the increasing cancer burden in sub-Saharan Africa, an understanding of mHealth in oncologic settings is greatly needed.