Exploring the therapeutic potential of Bacopa monnieri in autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review

Bacopa monnieri is a traditional medicinal herb renowned for its nootropic properties. The plant extracts have been evaluated for its efficacy in addressing many neurological conditions. However, the efficacy of Bacopa monnieri is yet to be evaluated for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This review explores and aligns the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in ASD with the molecular and functional characteristics of Bacopa monnieri to evaluate its potential as a therapy in ASD. Additionally, the review addresses strategies for overcoming its drawbacks due to heavy metal accumulation and bitter taste. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar using specific keywords related to Bacopa monnieri ("Bacopa monniera," "B. monnieri," "Herpestis monniera," "Moniera cuneifolia") and those related to ASD, its co-occurring symptoms, and pathogenic mechanisms. Papers were chosen based on an initial screening process, and the evidence was narrated under identified key themes to provide a structured analysis of the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of Bacopa monnieri in ASD. Evidence indicated that oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, heavy metal toxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotransmitter imbalance, and altered cell signaling in ASD could be targeted by the molecular and functional characteristics of Bacopa monnieri, corroborating the potential of Bacopa monnieri to improve symptoms and co-occurring conditions in ASD. To validate these effects, clinical trials should assess primary outcomes related to the core symptoms of ASD, as well as secondary outcomes that focus on improvements in co-occurring conditions and metabolic alterations.