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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Teratogenicity01:07

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: A Working Framework for Identifying and Treating Pathologic Thyroid Function and

Andrew Greene1, Sky Dainty1, Kristen H Quinn1

  • 1Section of Maternal- Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.

Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
|August 6, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid disorders during pregnancy are common but diagnosable and treatable. Following guidelines helps minimize adverse pregnancy outcomes by addressing physiological and biochemical changes.

Keywords:
HyperthyroidismHypothyroidismPostpartum thyroiditisPregnancyThyroidThyroid storm

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders represent a significant endocrine challenge during pregnancy.
  • Accurate diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction can be complicated by physiological changes in pregnancy.
  • Untreated thyroid disorders pose risks to both maternal and fetal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide key insights into diagnosing thyroid disorders in pregnant individuals.
  • To outline an evidence-based treatment approach for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy.
  • To highlight strategies for minimizing adverse pregnancy outcomes related to thyroid disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on thyroid physiology during pregnancy.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for thyroid dysfunction in pregnant populations.
  • Synthesis of evidence-based treatment guidelines for thyroid disorders in pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Physiological, biochemical, and clinical findings crucial for diagnosis are detailed.
  • Established guidelines offer a clear pathway for diagnosis and management.
  • Evidence-based treatments are shown to effectively reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid disorders in pregnancy, though common, are manageable with proper diagnosis and treatment.
  • Adherence to established guidelines is essential for optimizing maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • Early identification and intervention are key to mitigating risks associated with thyroid dysfunction during gestation.