Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Diseases

Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in macrophage polarization, apoptosis, and inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The expression of CHI3L1 is significantly increased in various inflammatory and immunological diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and atopic dermatitis. Several studies suggest that CHI3L1 may be a viable therapeutic target for these diseases, given its ability to release various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Therefore, CHI3L1 likely plays a role in the development of a broad spectrum of inflammatory diseases. However, the precise pathophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms by which CHI3L1 contributes to these diseases remain to be fully elucidated. This review synthesizes recent findings on the functional roles of CHI3L1 across diverse inflammatory conditions, highlighting its involvement in critical signaling pathways. Moreover, preclinical research underscores the therapeutic potential of CHI3L1 inhibition. Thus, targeted CHI3L1 interventions represent a compelling therapeutic strategy warranting further clinical exploration and validation.