Sambucus nigra alleviates fenpropathrin-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats via modulation of NF-κB/TNF-α axis

This research assessed the effectiveness of Sambucus nigra (SN) in alleviating hepatorenal injury caused by fenpropathrin (FNP) in rodents. Six equal groups were created from the 30 Wistar rats: Group 1 was the negative control, Groups 2 and 3 were the SN control groups, Group 4 was the FNP group, and Groups 5 and 6 were the FNP + SN combination groups. The hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects of SN were assessed by quantifying serum enzyme markers, including ALT, AST, ALP, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. Oxidative stress indicators, RT-PCR analysis, histological examination, and immunohistochemistry studies were conducted on the liver and kidneys to confirm the previously indicated parameters. The rats administered FNP injections displayed increased blood marker enzyme levels, altered oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium, and significant pathogenic changes in hepatic and renal tissues. Furthermore, these rats exhibited elevated levels of caspase-3 and iNOS, linked to the triggered expression of TNF-α and NF-κB genes in these tissues. Administering SN enhanced all the aforementioned toxicological parameters. The prospective hepato-renal therapeutic benefits of SN against impairment of the liver and kidneys induced by FNP have been evidenced through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic pathways.