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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

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Exploring How Cytoskeleton Dynamics Tunes T Cell Activation at the Immunological Synapse.

Álvaro Gómez-Morón1,2, Adrián González-Pinar1, Carlos Carrasco-Padilla1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and 12 De Octubre Health Research Institute (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.

European Journal of Immunology
|August 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

T cell activation relies on cytoskeletal dynamics at the immunological synapse (IS). Key regulators like SSH1 phosphatase and LIMK1 control actin and tubulin dynamics, crucial for T cell effector functions.

Keywords:
ActinCofilinCytoskeletonLIMK1SSH1T cell receptor signalingTubulin

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • T cell activation initiates immune responses through antigen presentation.
  • Cytoskeletal dynamics, including actin and tubulin, are vital for T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and immunological synapse (IS) formation.
  • The IS is a critical structure for sustaining T cell activation and effector functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of key regulators in actin and tubulin dynamics during T cell activation.
  • To discuss the significance of mechanotransduction in T cell activation at the IS.
  • To highlight the importance of cytoskeleton regulation for immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on T cell activation and cytoskeleton dynamics.
  • Analysis of the roles of specific regulatory proteins like SSH1 phosphatase and LIMK1.
  • Examination of mechanotransduction principles in the context of T cell-IS interactions.

Main Results:

  • Actin dynamics facilitate T cell scanning of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and TCR engagement.
  • Cytoskeletal rearrangements at the IS sustain signaling by activating molecules and integrins.
  • Polarization of the centrosome and endosomal compartment towards the IS center is essential for delivering signaling molecules and receptors.

Conclusions:

  • The immunological synapse is essential for complete T cell activation and effector function.
  • Regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics by proteins like SSH1 and LIMK1 is critical for T cell responses.
  • Mechanotransduction plays a relevant role in T cell activation processes at the IS.