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Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

A Strain Gauge Monitor SGM for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH
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Hypoxia driven by Caribbean Sargassum accumulation events.

Jose Martinez Ortiz1, Jenniffer Perez Perez1, Roy A Armstrong1

  • 1Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.

Royal Society Open Science
|August 7, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sargassum seaweed blooms cause severe hypoxia in Caribbean waters. Increased warming will likely worsen these events, impacting coastal ecosystems and necessitating early warning systems.

Keywords:
CaribbeanSargassumSargassum accumulationSargassum brown tidebiochemical oxygen demanddissolved oxygenhypoxia

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Oceanography
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Sargassum blooms are a growing threat to Caribbean coastal ecosystems.
  • These blooms are linked to hypoxia (low oxygen levels) but poorly understood.
  • Lack of continuous monitoring and decay rate data limits understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Sargassum-induced hypoxia.
  • To quantify oxygen demand of decaying Sargassum.
  • To model hypoxia under different environmental conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Combined dissolved oxygen monitoring with remote sensing of Sargassum.
  • Conducted incubation experiments to measure Sargassum oxygen demand.
  • Utilized a box model to simulate hypoxia dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Severe hypoxia occurred only during Sargassum accumulation events in September 2023.
  • Decaying Sargassum has an oxygen demand rate of 0.0038 ± 0.0005 mg DO d-1 mg Sargassum-1.
  • Model showed hypoxia severity increases with Sargassum biomass, temperature, and residence time.

Conclusions:

  • Sargassum accumulation drives local hypoxia.
  • Climate warming will likely increase the frequency and severity of these events.
  • Findings support developing an early warning system for Sargassum-induced hypoxia.