CRISPR-Based Live Cell Biosensing: Innovations in Signal Labeling Strategies and Delivery Systems

CRISPR technology provides unprecedented precision for molecular imaging and target detection at the cellular level. However, interested researchers inevitably encounter challenges, including weak labeling signals, low delivery efficiency, and off-target effects when establishing application frameworks. Therefore, discussing signal labeling strategies and delivery systems is crucial to further improving the performance of CRISPR-based live cell biosensing. In this review, we first focus on signal labeling strategies for CRISPR-based cellular imaging, including fluorescent protein fusion, fluorescent protein recruitment, RNA modification and hybridization, and irrelevant signal reporters. Depending on the effector proteins and application scenarios, selecting the appropriate signal labeling method can help improve imaging sensitivity and signal intensity. Second, we summarize materials that can be used for CRISPR intracellular delivery, such as nanoparticles, nanosheets, and other nanomaterials. Some nanomaterials have been shown to further enhance the activity of effector proteins, in addition to facilitating the cellular entry of active components. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future directions of CRISPR imaging technologies. By integrating multidisciplinary innovations, the CRISPR-based live cell biosensor holds promise as a next-generation visualization tool for life science research and precision medicine.