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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Influenza H7N9 Virus Infection Activated TNF Signaling Pathway in BV2 Cells.

Yu-Xuan Lei1, Qiu-Yi Xu1, Ying Sun2

  • 1School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

Journal of Medical Virology
|August 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Avian influenza H7N9 virus infects mouse microglia cells, triggering cell death pathways. This research clarifies how H7N9 virus causes central nervous system damage.

Keywords:
BV2 microglia cellsTNF signaling pathwayavian influenza H7N9 viruscaspase‐3 (CASP3)influenza‐associated encephalopathy (IAE)

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Avian influenza H7N9 virus infection primarily causes flu-like symptoms.
  • Viral encephalopathy is a critical factor in H7N9 virus infection mortality.
  • Microglia (MGs) are central nervous system (CNS)-resident macrophages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the infectivity of the H7N9 virus in mouse microglia (MG) BV2 cells.
  • To investigate the immune responses within H7N9 virus-infected mouse MGs.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of H7N9 virus-induced CNS lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Infection of mouse microglia (MG) BV2 cells with the H7N9 virus.
  • Comprehensive transcriptome and proteome analysis of infected MGs.
  • Assessment of viral replication, cytopathic effects (CPEs), and cell death markers.

Main Results:

  • The H7N9 virus successfully infected BV2 cells, causing cytopathic effects (CPEs).
  • Infectious progeny virus was produced following H7N9 infection.
  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway activation and cleaved caspase-3 were observed, indicating cell death induction.

Conclusions:

  • The H7N9 virus can infect and replicate within microglia, the brain's resident macrophages.
  • H7N9 infection activates specific cell death pathways, including TNF signaling.
  • These findings offer crucial insights into the neuropathogenesis of H7N9 avian influenza.