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Related Concept Videos

Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

882
Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

18.0K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
18.0K
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.1K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
5.1K
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

6.7K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
6.7K
The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

46.3K
Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene
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Chemically Generated Liquid Sulfur Droplets at Room and Subzero Temperatures.

Pragadeesh Subramaniam-Venkatesh1, Zhi Gao1, Hongchang Hao2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, United States.

ACS Nano
|August 7, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created liquid sulfur at room and subzero temperatures using chemical reactions, overcoming electrode limitations for advanced battery development. This breakthrough enables new possibilities for high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries.

Keywords:
liquid sulfurlithium iodidelithium−sulfurphaseredox mediator

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Liquid sulfur formation is typically electrode-dependent via electrochemical polysulfide oxidation.
  • This electrode-dependency limits the application of liquid sulfur in battery technologies.
  • Developing substrate-independent methods for liquid sulfur generation is crucial for advancing battery performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel chemical approach for generating liquid sulfur.
  • To achieve liquid sulfur formation at room and subzero temperatures, independent of electrode materials.
  • To explore new avenues for enhancing lithium-sulfur and other metal-sulfur battery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a redox mediator to chemically oxidize polysulfides.
  • Generating liquid sulfur droplets in the electrolyte away from the electrode surface.
  • Conducting experiments at ambient and subzero temperatures (-15 °C).

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated liquid sulfur through substrate-independent chemical reactions.
  • Achieved liquid sulfur formation at temperatures significantly below its melting point (115 °C).
  • Demonstrated liquid sulfur generation at -15 °C.

Conclusions:

  • A novel chemical pathway for liquid sulfur generation has been established.
  • This method overcomes the limitations of electrode-dependent electrochemical processes.
  • The chemically generated liquid sulfur offers potential for developing next-generation high-energy metal-sulfur batteries.