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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 12, 2025

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
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Left Bundle Branch Block as a Risk Factor for Heart Failure.

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  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.

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Left bundle branch block (LBBB) significantly increases the risk of developing heart failure (HF) and declining left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in individuals with normal heart structure. Early intervention targeting LBBB may prevent HF progression.

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Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is a known risk factor for heart failure (HF).
  • The association between LBBB and HF risk in individuals with structurally normal hearts and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) remains under-investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between LBBB and the risk of incident HF in community-dwelling older adults with normal cardiac structure.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal cohort study utilizing data from the Cardiovascular Health Study (1989-2013).
  • Included were adults aged 65+ with normal LVEF and no prior HF diagnosis.
  • Baseline LBBB presence was determined by electrocardiograms; Cox proportional hazards models assessed outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Among 4541 participants, 44 (1.0%) had LBBB at baseline.
  • LBBB was associated with a nearly 5-fold increased risk of incident HF (HR, 4.98) and a 4.7-fold increased odds of LVEF decline over 5 years.
  • No significant increase in all-cause mortality risk was observed for individuals with LBBB.

Conclusions:

  • In individuals with structurally normal hearts, LBBB is a significant predictor of incident HF and LVEF decline.
  • LBBB may serve as an early indicator for interventions aimed at preventing cardiac dysfunction and HF progression.